• Radiobiology emerged as a central theme, linking tissue oxygenation to radiotherapy response and radiation-induced chromosomal damage, thereby framing tumor radiosensitivity and consequent neoplastic risk [1], [10], [12].

• Nuclear physics foundations underpinned radiology and radiotherapy, with investigations into nuclear shell structure, spin-orbit coupling, and light-nuclei energies guiding isotope production and interpretation of radiation sources [8], [11], [14], [16], [19].

• Nuclear medicine and isotope-based cancer strategies diversified diagnostics and therapy, leveraging radioactive iodine, neutron-capture isotopes, and related radiopharmacology to image and treat neoplasms [6], [15], [17], [18].

• Early systemic cancer treatment explored chemotherapy and endocrine therapy, charting a shift from localized radiotherapy toward systemic agents and hormonal manipulation in cancer management [3], [4], [7].